See all related overviews in Oxford Reference ». A revival in the Roman Catholic Church between the midth and midth centuries. There were three main ecclesiastical aspects. First a reformed papacy, with a succession of popes who had a notably more spiritual outlook than their immediate predecessors, and a number of reforms in the church's central government initiated by them.
Secondly, the foundation of new religious orders, notably the Oratorians and in the Society of Jesus Jesuits , and the reform of older orders, notably the Capuchin reform of the Franciscans. Thirdly, the Council of Trent —63 , which defined and clarified Catholic doctrine on most points in dispute with Protestants and instituted important moral and disciplinary reforms within the Catholic Church, including the provision of a better education for the clergy through theological colleges called seminaries.
All this led to a flowering of Catholic spirituality at the popular level, but also to an increasingly anti-Protestant mentality. The movement became political through its links with Catholic rulers, notably Philip II of Spain, who sought to re-establish Roman Catholicism by force.
The stalemate between Catholics and Protestants was effectively recognized by the Treaty of Westphalia in , which brought to an end the Thirty Years War and in a sense concluded the Counter-Reformation period. View all reference entries ». View all related items in Oxford Reference ».
Bossy, John. Christianity in the West, — Oxford: Oxford University Press, Delumeau, Jean. London: Burns and Oates, Dickens, A. The Counter Reformation. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, An older but still-valuable account, especially due to its rich range of illustrations, that gives reasonable if traditional coverage to the religious orders, the papacy, and the Council of Trent, though at the expense of a comparable bottom-up approach.
Eire, Carlos M. Reformations: The Early Modern World, — At the forefront of newer trends in Reformation historiography, this volume gives roughly equal coverage to the Protestant and Catholic Reformations. In the latter case, it integrates Catholic reform efforts and successes in Europe with the expansive missionary efforts in the New World and East Indies.
Evennett, H. The Spirit of the Counter-Reformation. Hsia, R. The World of Catholic Renewal, — This is a relatively recent and reasonably thorough account of Catholic reform up to the 18th century. In beginning his study in , the year of the founding of the Jesuits, Hsia signals how significant he believes the Society of Jesus was to Catholic renewal.
He also stresses the importance of the Iberian Church and Catholic overseas missions, and the significant role of women and the arts. Mullett, Michael A. The Catholic Reformation. London: Routledge, While stressing the continuity of Catholic reform from the late medieval period onward, Mullett also shows how the Protestant Reformation and the Council of Trent transformed these ongoing efforts at reform.
The council enabled the Church to define its dogma and discipline :. The Reformation of the Catholic Church was implemented thanks to the personal involvement of a few bishops. Charles Borromeo , bishop of Milan, set the example by living on his diocese and incessantly travelling around.
He founded a seminar for priests, re-instituted the discipline — e. He also founded hospitals and schools. Throughout Europe religious orders publicised the Counter-Reformation, especially the Jesuits, founded in , who created universities and colleges.
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