Second, securing the international cooperation of its members [at the time totalling around member states; today there are member states and 10 associate members]. And third: assuring the responsibility of the international community to bring together funding and support that would help the world's heritage as a whole.
With momentum flowing, Unesco continued launching campaigns, including the ongoing safeguarding of Venice, nearly destroyed by floods in the mids. But it wasn't until November that the General Conference of Unesco adopted the Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, merging both drafts together to preserve cultural and natural heritage equally. It has also led to more elaborate safeguarding measures — similar to those taken at Abu Simbel — at World Heritage sites around the globe.
Natural disasters, war Fifty years after the completion of the Nubia project, the Abu Simbel temples remain a popular — albeit still remote — traveller pilgrimage.
Lake Nasser is known for its excellent freshwater fishing, as well as its numerous crocodiles. But the highlight of the Nubian Valley is undoubtedly the temple complex, which 3, years on endures as an iconic symbol of both humankind's common heritage and how one ancient monument can help preserve the planet.
The Ramses figures wear the double crown of Egypt and are represented with the formal spade-like beard.
On his breast and upper arms and between his legs, you can see royal cartouches. To the right and left of each statue and between their legs are figures on a smaller scale but still larger-than-life size, representing members of the royal family.
Flanking the first colossus is the Princesses Nebt-tawi left and Bent-anat right , with an unnamed Princess between the legs, and flanking the second colossus is the pharaoh's mother, Tue left , and his wife Queen Nefertari right , with Prince Amen-herkhopshef between the legs. On the inner sides of the thrones of the two central Colossi, flanking the entrance to the temple, are figures of the two Nile gods wreathing the floral emblems of Upper and Lower Egypt, the papyrus and the lotus, around the hieroglyphic sign meaning "unite," while below are rows of Kushite and Syrian prisoners.
On the two southern Colossi, you can see Greek, Carian, and Phoenician inscriptions carved by mercenaries who had passed this way on various military expeditions. Hypostyle Hall: The Inner Temple.
It is divided into three aisles the central one being twice the width of the other two by two rows of four square pillars, and on the inner sides are ten-meter-high Osiris figures of the pharaoh holding the scourge and the crook. The figures on the right hand side wear the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, while those on the left wear the crown of Upper Egypt. The stylized symmetry of these massive figures is striking. The ceiling of the central aisle has paintings of flying vultures; those of the lateral aisles are adorned with stars.
To the right and left of the Hypostyle Hall are eight small side chambers , some of which served as treasuries and store rooms. Their decoration is of varying quality, but in general is simpler than that of the main chambers of the temple. Some of the rooms have stone tables along the walls. Interior wall relief detail. Don't Miss: Abu Simbel is most famous for the fabulous mural reliefs in the Hypostyle Hall depicting the pharaoh's campaign against the Hittites in the Battle of Qadesh reliefs of the battle can also be seen in Luxor's Ramesseum and in the Temples of Abydos.
In the lower register , at the left hand end, the Egyptian army is depicted on the march. The various activities in the camp are portrayed in a lively way - the horses being given their fodder, and the troops resting after their march.
The third scene shows Ramses II holding a Council of War, while below, two enemy spies are being beaten. The last scene depicts the battle between Egyptian and Hittite charioteers. To the left, the pharaoh is shown dashing against his enemies, who have surrounded him with their chariots.
In the center is the enemy stronghold of Qadesh, encircled by the River Orontes, with the defenders looking down from the battlements. To the right, Ramses II in his chariot watches while his officers count the severed hands and limbs of the enemy and bring in prisoners.
In the right-hand half of the rear wall, the pharaoh is shown leading two files of Hittite prisoners into the presence of Re-Harakhty, his own deified effigy, and the lion-headed Wert-hekaw. In the left hand half, he presents Kushite prisoners to Amun, the deified Ramses and Mut.
Beyond the Hypostyle Hall, you come to the Vestibule , which is divided into three aisles by four square pillars. On the sides of the pillars are representations of Ramses II being received into the company of the gods.
Don't Miss: Look up at the south wall to see the barque of Amun-Re. The barques are borne in procession, preceded by the pharaoh and his wife Nefertari making offerings of food and incense. On the walls of this chamber, Ramses II is shown making offerings to Min, Horus, and Khnum left-hand end and to Atum, Thoth, and Ptah right-hand end who were also worshiped here, almost with the status of guest divinities.
From the Transverse Chamber, three doors lead into three small rooms at the farthest end of the temple. On the rear wall are larger-than-life-size figures of Ptah, Amun-Re, the pharaoh himself, and Re-Harakhty from left to right , again giving expression to Ramses II's complete equality with the gods. In front of the figures is the square base , hewn from the rock, of the sacred barque, which was kept here.
Temple's front facade. Archaeologists can only speculate why Ramses II decided to construct such magnificent temples on this particular site. Probably there were already cave sanctuaries here from a very early period, since such sanctuaries were numerous in Nubia. Later, Ramesses II would make a peace treaty with the Hittites and cement it by marrying a Hittite princess, an event marked in a stela at Abu Simbel.
And two of the finest temples he built were at Abu Simbel. Zecchi notes that the four seated statues of the pharaoh, at the entrance, show the ruler wearing a short kilt, nemes headdress, double crown with cobra and false beard.
The interior of the temple stretches into the mountain for about feet 64 meters. The first room is an atrium made up of eight pillars, four on each side, that Zecchi notes depicts Ramesses II in the guise of the god Osiris. The atrium also has now empty storerooms on its sides. Researchers have noted that on two days of the year October 22 and February 22 all these statues, except for Ptah who is associated with the underworld , are bathed in sunlight.
As mentioned earlier, the smaller temple at Abu Simbel has, outside its entrance, four statues of pharaoh and two of his bride, Nefertari. Each statue is about 33 feet 10 meters tall, a buttress in between each of them.
With the construction of the large Aswan Dam, two ancient temples would be submerged and irreparably damaged. These twin temples, one larger and one smaller, were built more than 3, years ago by Ramses II as monuments to himself and his queen Nefertari. International fund-raising began for the project in The temples were not built of stone or any other material, but were instead carved into a cliff.
To move the temples, the rock above the temple roofs first had to be "peeled away". The roofs, walls and not the least the temple facades were then cut into blocks, each weighing between 20 and 30 tons. Several Swedish companies participated in the rescue action. Because the temples were carved in porous sandstone, explosives could not be used to any greater degree. The stone masses above the temple roofs were instead removed with bulldozers.
Atlas Copco's one-man pneumatic breaker turned out to be a very useful tool, together with compressors and drills. The walls, roofs and facade were sawed into blocks with handsaws from Sandvik, due to power saws causing too much waste when cutting the porous sandstone.
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